Adjectives

Contents

Introduction___________________________________2Part 1

1.1Adjectives. ________________________________3

1.2Degrees of Comparison ______________________3

1.3Substantivization of Adjectives. _______________6

1.4Syntactic Functions of Adjectives.______________7

Part 2

2.1Position of Adjectives________________________7

2.2Order of Adjectives. _________________________9

2.3Adjectives with prepositions. _________________11

2.4Adjectives with ‘to’-infinitive or ‘that’-clauses ___13

Conclusion__________________________________17

Appendix ___________________________________19

Bibliography ________________________________20

Introduction

We have chosen this theme because we like adjectives from our early school age. It was interesting for us to investigate adjectives and to find something new that we didn’t know before. First of all we found out the basical definitions of adjectives to describe it as part of speech. We used many theoretical books to do our course work, such as: « Modern English language» (Theoretical course grammar) V.N. Zhigadlo, I.P. Ivanova, L.L. Iofik. Moscow, 1956 y., Baker, Mark. 2005. Lexical Categories - Verbs, nouns and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, etc. Then we looked through the “Warren, Beatrice. (1984). Classifying adjectives. Gothenburg studies in English” to know their theories and thoughts about adjectives as a part of speech. Here what we found about it:

In grammar, an adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. Adjectives exist in most languages. The most widely recognized adjectives in English are words such as big, old, and tired that actually describe people, places, or things. These words can themselves be modified with adverbs, as in the phrase very big. The articles a, an, and the and possessive nouns, such as Mary's, are classified as adjectives by some grammarians; however, such classification may be specific to one particular language. Other grammarians call such noun modifiers determiners. Similarly, possessive adjectives, such as his or her, are sometimes called determinative possessive pronouns, and demonstrative adjectives, such as this or that, are called determinative demonstratives.In some languages, participles are used as adjectives. Examples of participles used as adjectives are lingering in the phrase lingering headache and broken in the phrase broken toys. Nouns that modify other nouns are sometimes called modifying nouns, nouns used adjectivally, or just part of a compound noun (like the word ice in ice cream ).

Adjectives. According to the theories of Dixon, R. M. W. (1977). “Where have all the adjectives gone.” Studies in Language, 1, 19-80 : Adjectives are the third major class of words in English, after nounsand verbs. Adjectives are words expressing properties of objects (e.g.large, blue, simple, clever, economic, progressive, productive, etc) and,hence, qualifying nouns.Adjectives in English do not change for number or case. The only grammatical category they have is the degrees of comparison. They are also characterized by functions in the sentence. Degrees of Comparison. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative andsuperlative. The positive form is the plain stem of an adjective (e.g.heavy, slow, straight, etc) . The comparative states that one thing hasmore of the quality named by the adjective than some other thing (e.g.Henry is taller than John). The superlative states that the thing has the greatest degree of the quality among the things being considered (e.g. Henry is the tallest boy in the class) Most one-syllable adjectives, and most two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, -ow, -er, or consonant +-le , with loud stress on the first syllable and weak stress on the second, form their comparative and superlative by the addition of the suffixes -er and -est.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
clever	cleverer	cleverest
narrow	narrower	narrowest
pretty	prettier	prettiest
simple	simpler	simplest

Adjectives derived by prefixes from those that use -er/-est also usethese suffixes, even though the addition of prefixes makes them longer that two syllables: unhappy - unhappier –unhappiest. All adjectives other than those enumerated above form their comparative by using the intensifier more and their superlative by using the intensifier the most.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
interesting	more interesting	the most interesting
generous	more generous	the most generous
personal	more personal	the most personal

In a very few cases, English permits a choice between the two devices:commoner / more common, commonest / the most common. Ordinary, when one form is prescribed by the rules, the other is forbidden.

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