Category of number of the noun

2. Category of Number of the Noun.

Regular – one.

Plural – more than one.

Regular Plurals:

1. Nouns ending in vowels & voiced consonants - -s(bee-bees, dog-dogs, [z])

2. Voiceless consonants - -s (book-books, [s])

3. –s,-sh,-ss,-ch,-x,-z - -es (actress-actresses, [iz])

4. –o : -es-hero-heroes. But:

-os:

a) after a vowel – bamboos, embryos, folios, kangaroos, radios, studios, zoos.

b) In proper names – Romeos, Eskimos, Filipinos.

c) In abbreviations - kilos, photos, pros(professional).

d) Also: pianos, concertos, dynamos, quartos, solos,tangos, tobaccos.

e) In other cases the spelling is -oes (tomatoes, echoes, Negroes, potatoes, vetoes, torpedoes, embargoes)

f) –oes/-os : cargo(e)s, banjo(e)s, halo(e)s

5. Consonant+y - -ies (sky-skies). But:

-ys

a) After vowels, except nouns ending –quy(day-days, soliloquy-soliloquies)

b) In proper names: the two Germanys, the Kennedys, the Gatsbys

c) In compounds: stand-bys, lay-bys.

d) Penny: pence-the British currency(денежная сумма), pennies-for individual coins.

6. –f(e)

a) –ves : wife-wives, life-lives, leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves, half-halves, loaf-loaves, self-selves, shelf-shelves.

b) –s : other nouns(proof-proofs, chief-chefs, safe-safes, cliff-cliffs, gulf-gulfs, dwarf-dwarfs, reef-reefs, grief-griefs

c) –ves/-s : scarf-scarfs/scarves, dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves, hoof-hoofs/hooves.

7. –th - -ths (mouth-mouths)

8. in abbreviations - -s(M.P.-M.P.s) But: Ms(manuscript)-MSS, p.(page)-pp., Mr-

Irregular Plurals.

1. By vowel change (Man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice).

2. –en (ox-oxen, child-children)

3. Identical

a) (sheep-sheep, swine-swine(свинья), deer-deer, grouse-grouse(куропатка). But: 2 variants: fish-fish/fishes, pike-pile/pikes, trout-trout(s), carp-carp(s), salmon-salmon(s). The zero plural is more common to denote hunting quarries. (We caught a few fish, five salmon); the regular plural – different individuals, species.

b) Nationality nouns in –ese, -ss: Chinese, Swiss. And: Englishmen = the English, Dutchmen = the Dutch.

c) Latin & French nouns: series-series(ряд, серия), species-species(вид, порода, род), corps [ko:]-corps[ko:z] (корпус, род войск).

d) Pair, couple, dozen, score(20), stone(6,35 kg), head (поголовье): 2 dozen of children, dozens of children.

4.

a) Loans of Greek origin - (-is - -es: basis-bases, crisis-crises, analysis, thesis, parenthesis, axis[вал, ось, шпендель], hypothesis, diagnosis; -on – a : criterion – criteria, phenomenon, -a – ata : miasma-miasmata)

b) Loans of Latin origin (-us - -i, -ora, -era : stimulus-stimuli, nucleus-nuclei[ядро],radius-radii[тело], genus-genera[род]; -a - -ae : formula-formulae(formulas), antenna, vertebra[позвонок]; -um - -a : datum-data[данная величина], stratum-strata[описка], erratum-errata[опечаток]; -es,-ix - -ices, -es : index-indices(indexes), appendix, matrix)

c) Other loan nouns (-ean - -eaux : tableau-tableaux, bureau; -o - -i : tempo-tempi)

d) 2 variants (memorandum –memoranda, memorandums, curriculum-curricula, curriculums[курс обучения], formula-formulae, formulas, cherub-cherubim[херувим], cherubs, focus-foci, focuses)

e) Different meaning index-indexes-list of contents of books, indices-показатель; genius-geniuses-men of talent, genii-духи, домовые)

Plural in compound nouns

1. The 2^nd component takes the plural form as a rule (housewives, tooth-brushes)

2. –ful – at the end of the word(handfuls, spoonfuls)

3. man & woman –the 1^st components (men-servants, women-docters)

4. ending –man – men (policeman-policemn) But: Germans, Romans(not compounds)

5. prepositional noun phrase where the preposition is a linking element only – the 1^st noun takes the plural form (editors-in-chief-главный редактор, mothers-in-law, commanders-in-chiefs-главнокомандующий, coats-of-mail-кольчуга, men-of-war-военный корабль)

6. compounds = conjunction as a linking element – the plural is taken by the 2^nd noun (gin-and-tonics)

7. compound=noun+preposition/adverb/adjective-the 1^st element-plural (passers-by, lookers-on-зритель, courts-material-военно-полевой суд, attorneys-general-министр юстиции)

8. when the compound is a substantivized phrase which doesn’t contain a noun, the last element –plural (forget-me-nots-незабудка, breakdowns-поломка, stand-bys-запасной, grown-ups, close-ups-крупный план, pick-ups-случайные знакомства, drop-outs-дезертир, go-betweens-посредник)

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