Волоконная оптика

Министерство Науки и Высшего Образования

Павлодарский Государственный Университет

Кафедра АиВТ

РЕФЕРАТ

Тема: Fiber Optics

Руководитель:

к.т.н.

Потапенко О.Г.

Даниярова Г.Ж.

Выполнили:

Кондратьева Е.Л.

Чепурнов А.А.

ПАВЛОДАР

1999

Введение.

Что такое Волоконная оптика , где используются оптоволоконные световоды, из чего они сделаны и как работают?

На все эти вопросы вы найдёте ответы в этом материале. А ещё для вас станет понятно, что человечество никогда не остановится на достигнутом, то есть не все “паровые двигатели” ещё изобретены, а компьютер сможет сделать намного больше, если не будет ограничен в информационных возможностях.

Мы сможем сэкономить большое количество цветного металла, из которого изготавливаются провода. Почему? Да потомку что, сейчас появилась реальная возможность и необходимость использования оптоволоконных световодов.

Ведь оптоволоконные световоды - это просто-напросто очень чистое стекло, а стекло - это песок. А чего больше на земле: меди или песка? К тому же на оптоволоконные световоды не действуют ни электрические, ни магнитные поля, а температура, при которой они плавятся, равна 2000°С, а эта температура, близкая к околосолнечной.

Волоконная оптика интересна и тем, что носителем информации является не электромагнитный импульс, а закодированный пучок света.

Если же сравнивать пропускную способность, то оптоволоконный световод толщиной с человеческий волос равноценен пучку медной проволоки толщиной с руку человека.

И, наконец, ответьте на вопрос: что это такое, если оно быстрее, точнее, дешевле? Конечно же, это волоконная оптика!

Contents

1. What is Fiber Optics? 4

2. Where are Optical Fibers used? 6

3. How are Optical Fibers made? 10

4. How do Optical Fibers Work? 12

5. Fiber Optics in the future. 17

1

What is Fiber Optics?

In 1880, four years after he invented the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell tested another talking device. He called it the photophone.

"Photo" and "phone" come from the Greek words for "light" and "sound." Bell's telephone used pulses of electricity traveling over copper wires to carry sound. But the photophone used a beam of sunlight traveling through air to carry the human voice from one place to another.

Bell was very enthusiastic about the photophone. He wrote to his father, "I have heard a ray of sun laugh and cough and sing!"

However, the new invention did not prove to be very practical. Sunlight was only available during the daytime. And even then, bad weather such as fog, rain, or snow blocked the beam of light.

In spite of these problems, throughout his life, Alex­ander Graham Bell thought the photophone was his most promising idea. He felt certain that someday people would use beams of light to talk to each other.

For nearly one hundred years, scientists like Bell dreamed of using light to communicate. They knew that light and electricity traveled as vibrations or waves. And they knew that many more light waves could he trans­mitted in one second than electrical waves. For this reason, light could carry more information than electricity flowing in copper wires.

Not until the 1960s and 1970s did two inventions make the dream possible. During this time, scientists invented lasers. Lasers are powerful sources of a special kind of light. Other researchers developed optical fibers.

An optical fiber is a flexible thread of very clear glass—thinner than a cat's whisker and up to six miles long. Laser light can pass through the length of an optical fiber and still stay bright. Because optical fibers can serve as pipelines for light, they also are called lightguides.

In the mid-1970s, these inventions were teamed to­gether. Now pulses of light flash through optical fibers carrying information and messages over great distances. This important new technology is called fiber optics.

Glass fibers are replacing copper wires for many reasons. The fibers are not as expensive for telephone companies to buy and install. They weigh a lot less than copper wires — making them easier for workers to handle. A single four-and-one-half-pound spool of optical fiber can carry the same number of messages as two hundred reels of copper wire that weigh over sixteen thousand pounds!

Optical fibers also take much less space than copper wires. This is very important in crowded cities where bulging, overloaded telephone cables have little room for additional lines. Optical fibers can help unsnarl this telephone traffic jam.

The fibers are better, too, because light is nut affected by nearby electrical generators, motors, power lines, or lightning storms. These often are the cause of noisy static on telephones or information errors in computer systems connected by copper wires.

As electrical signals pass through copper wires, they become weakened. Devices called repeaters are used to strengthen the electrical signals about every mile along each line. In a fiber optic system, repeaters are needed only every six miles or so to boost the

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