BIO Notes On Organic Chemistry Essay Research

BIO Notes On Organic Chemistry Essay, Research Paper

The chemistry of life

(Living things made mostly of carbohydrates, fat and protein)

CARBOHYDRATES energy producer

· Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

· Glucose is the simplest (dissolves easily in water) monosaccharide

· Starch is also common (solid, lots of glucose molecules in a chain (condensation)) disaccharide

· Starch is broken down into glucose as well (add wateràhydrolysis)

FAT energy producer insulation and energy store

· Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

· Contains more carbon + hydrogen

· Fat molecule is made up of glycerol and fatty acids.

· Condensation and hydrolysis play parts here?

PROTEIN

· Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (and sulphur)

· Made of blocks (amino acids) and links (peptide links)

· 22 amino acids in nature

· Hydrolysis à chain of proteins split (polypeptides) then broken to small amino acids

· Reverse in condensation

· Soluble proteins make up enzymes.

· Denaturalisation occurs when molecule shape changes when heated.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

· Occur mainly in gut and cells

· Reactions in cells is metabolism

· Breaking down or joining options

· All reactions are catalysed by enzymes.

Enzymes

IMPORTANCE

· To speed up reactions

· They are biological catalysts

· TYPES

Extracellular enzymes are produced and leave cell to work outside

· Intracellular enzymes work inside cell

ENZYME CONTROLLED REACTION

· Maltose (substrate) àmaltase (enzyme) à glucose (product)

PROPERTIES

· Always proteins

· Specific

· Reusable

· Destroyed by heat over 45 Celsius

· Sensitive to pH

HOW DO THEY WORK?

· Enzyme molecule has active site

· Substrate fits into active site

· Reaction takes place

· Products leave site.

HELPING HINDERING

· Anything which helps substrate reach enzyme speeds up reaction

· Poisons stop temporarily/ permanently the active site

ENZYME USE

· Biological washing powders

· Tenderising meats, skinning fish, removing hairs

· Softening vegetables, removing seed coats

· Syrups, fruit-juices, chocolates

Food and Diet

OUR DIET

· Carbohydrates

· Fats

· Proteins

· Water

· Minerals

· Vitamins

CARBOHYDRATES

· Sugar gives energy

· Starch are normally found in small grains called starch granules they also give us energy

· Cellulose for plants make a cell wall for humans it makes a dietary fibre keeping the food moving along the gut

FATS

· Mainly give us energy

· Saturated means that there is no more room for atoms to add on to the existing molecule.

· Unsaturated is the opposite.

PROTEINS

· Needed for growth repair and slight amounts of energy

· Kwashiorkor à disease with the lack of protein

· Proteins are made of amino acids

· Essential amino acids are ones we cannot make but instead take in digestively

WATER

· Absolutely essential

· Needed in all life forms and contained in mostly all substances

MINERALS

· Sodium. Is a salt. It helps messages to be sent and muscle contraction. Lack of causes cramps in muscles

· Calcium used for hardening our bones and teeth. Hardening can only take place when they take up calcium phosphate and carbonate (calcification). Lack of causes rickets (soft, weak, deformed bones).

· Phosphorus. We need it to be absorbed into the calcium. It occurs in membranes.

· Iron. Present in haemoglobin (transports O2). Lack of cause anaemia: less O2 transported, less energy.

· Iodine. Trace element: needed in tiniest quantities. We get from sea food and drinking water. Needed to make thyroxine. Lack of causes goitre or ?Derbyshire neck?: swelling of thyroid gland next to Adam?s apple.

· Fluorine. Trace element. Prevents tooth decay.

VITAMINS

· Collection of organic substances which control reactions in the body.

· (A). Retinol: important for our eyes. Lack of causes night-blindness or xerophthalmia. Fat soluble

· (B). Niacin (nicotinic acid). Lack of: Pellagra. Thiamine: lack of is Beri-beri. Riboflavin: causes sores in skin around mouth. Water soluble

· (C). Ascorbic acid. Keep epithelia healthy. Lack of cause scurvy: bleeding in various parts of the body. Water soluble

· (D). Calciferol. Helps child?s bones become strong. Lack of cause rickets. Can be obtained from fish liver oil or the body through sunlight. Fat soluble

· (E). Found in milk and egg yolk. Lack of cause sterility. Fat soluble

· (K). Helps blood clot. Lack of causes internal, external bleeding. Fat-soluble.

· Composition of different foods helps us identify useful substances.

· Vegetarian: eats no animal meat but does eat products. Vegans do not eat animal products.

· Food add

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